Anaesthesia and Heart Failure
نویسنده
چکیده
The following true/false questions may be attempted before reading the tutorial. The answers are given at the end of the text. 1. In the normal heart: a. Pre-load is the same as left ventricular end-diastolic volume b. Increase in pre-load has no effect on the force of the next contraction c. Systemic vasoconstriction reduces afterload d. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction ends when the aortic valve opens e. The ejection fraction of a normal left ventricle is approximately 40% 2. Regarding diastole: a. Diastole is an active, energy consuming process b. Diastolic time remains the same with increased heart rate c. In the normal heart, only one third of ventricular filling occurs before atrial contraction d. Atrial contraction is a part of diastole e. Ventricular relaxation is a part of diastole 3. Regarding heart failure: a. The failing ventricle is invariably more compliant than normal b. Central venous pressure should be kept to a minimum if diastolic failure is suspected c. Allowing tachycardia is an effective way of maintaining cardiac output d. Vasodilation can help restore cardiac output in the failing ventricle e. Inotropes should never be used 4. Regarding the management of patients with heart failure: a. ACE inhibitors should normally be continued throughout the perioperative period b. Beta-blockers should be normally be continued throughout the perioperative period c. Arrhythmias should only be treated if blood pressure is compromised d. Spinal anaesthesia reduces perioperative risk in total knee replacement surgery
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تاریخ انتشار 2008